Great Soliloquies of Shakespeare †Research Methods Assignmnet Essay

Academically Shakespeare has created some of the most well-known works, literature, and characters in our field, one such example of a character whose existence resembles that of a double-edged sword to critics is Hamlet and his famous verse â€Å"To Be or not to Be: That is The Question†. This lead to research delving into the idea of Shakespeare’s characters being considered as so ‘human’ that they also communicate with their conscience through their soliloquies. Therefore how does one distinguish between a character’s persona among other characters and the character’s inner persona often labeled as the Conscience? In the opening part of his book Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, Harold Bloom, who had taught the subject of Shakespeare and Shakespearean Literature and Performance at Yale for a long time, recommends that before Shakespeare, the characters in plays would unravel however not really expand and grow. On the off chance that a character simply expands, we already guess that we definitely know everything there is to know about them when they initially are showcased in front of an audience on stage or in the pages of a book. Their creators have denied them of the one element that would make them intriguing: the limit with regards to self-analyzing that may uncover something surprising to us readers as well as to the characters themselves. They show us little since they can’t bewilder us in any way, basically on the grounds that they can’t amaze themselves. This might be the present reality similar to the scholar who leaves an information session and thinks to himself , â€Å"Nothing I haven’t heard before,† and afterward says to themselves, â€Å"I figure I am what I am!† or â€Å"I have my way of doing things, and some people like it and some people don’t.† Shakespeare does not let us free so easily though. He insinuates to us that we are not just who we say we are, but rather are comprised of many clashing and obscuring parts. As Bloom claims, Shakespeare’s characters grow due to the fact that they can hear themselves talk, either to themselves or to other characters, and are in this way ready to re-examine themselves. By supplying his characters with elaborate inner worlds, Shakespeare treats us, 400 years ahead of Freud, to expert presentations of what to the academic ear sounds especially like self-revelation. There isn’t just one single Hamlet yet numerous. Subsequent to learning of his Father’s sudden death, he finds (in Soliloquies) that he can’t stand to stay as he is at that moment in time. He is so torn by his internal struggles of conscience that he considers, in maybe the most well-known discourse in all writing, the advantages and disadvantages of suicide (â€Å"To Be or Not To Be: THAT is the Q uestion.†). Shakespeare indicates to us through Hamlet and numerous other characters not just the sine qua non of human growth — that with a specific end goal to change ourselves we should first discover our true selves — yet also what that improvement sounds like, resembles, and feels like. He demonstrates to us that it is the moment when Hamlet is so close to falling into despair and spiraling out of control that he finally finds himself. In similar ways, the young Prince Hal, in Henry IV, Part 2, on getting the Throne, neglects his then friends (â€Å"Presume not that I am the thing I was†) and starts his Incredible change from degenerate ruler to King Henry V, Hero of Agincourt. *** In order to explore the theme of Consciousness in Shakespearean characters, one must first delve into the idea of what Consciousness is. Kant speaks of his Theory of Mind and Consciousness with regards to the concept of Apperception: â€Å"The most central and specifically Kantian concept of consciousness is that of apperception. It is argued that ‘apperception’ is not to be understood as self-consciousness or self-awareness. Rather, apperception is a capacity to be aware of one’s spontaneous activities, and it can be further analyzed as the ability to respond to rules and norms.† Therefore, ‘apperception’ assumes a focal part in Kant’s hypothetical reasoning as well as in his hypothesis. ‘Inward sense’ is another focal idea for Kant. In the primary studies and later works, Kant distinguishes the differences between apperception and inward sense: the inward sense is the awareness of what happens inside the brain instead of a pperception, which is the awareness of one’s exercises. These two ideas of awareness, ‘inward sense’ and ‘apperception’, produce two altogether different questions concerning the connection between cognizance and nature. From one viewpoint, there is the subject of how inward or mental nature is identified with physical nature; then again, there is the topic of how suddenness is identified with the entire of nature, internal nature and in addition external. So how does this apply itself to works such as Hamlet? Hamlet is riddled with inward and outward conflicts, which ultimately forges his path to his end. The internal clash experienced in Hamlet lies in the mental disgruntlement of the play’s main character, Hamlet himself. At an inside level, Hamlet is by all accounts postponing his vengeance since he is ‘divided’ by his mother’s treachery of his deceased father and her marriage to Claudius, which is a constant distraction to him. This inward distraction is inconsistent with the apparition’s request for retaliation. Tabassum Javed in â€Å"Perfect Idealism in Shakespeare’s Prince Hamlet† attributes Hamlet’s internal struggles to a conflict between his own despondency and the ghost’s insistence for retribution. Javed states, â€Å"He can save himself and Denmark by killing Claudius, but to kill Claudius is to act out his father’s wish and the disaster for Hamlet is that this course of action perfectly coincides with the solution of his own problem. Hamlet is torn between two courses of action, both equally painful† (327). To this reality, Hamlet’s inward distraction lies mainly with the connection between his mother and uncle. The principal line he expresses is, â€Å"a little more kin and less than kind† (Shakespeare I.2.65). Hamlet battles with the idea that his mother Gertrude could double-cross his father. The double-crossing of his father weighs heavily on Hamlet’s mind since he doesn’t know how to manage his subdued emotions about his mother and his own particular oedipal bitterness towards his father. Likewise, the mental stun of losing his father is expanded by an apparent disloyalty to the sacredness of marriage and family ties. Kawsar Uddin condenses Freudian investigations of Hamlet’s parental relationship expressing, â€Å"Hamlet in his unconscious had an incestuous desire for his mother and had a murderous desire towards his father† (695). In the conversation that takes place in Act 1 Scene 2, where his mother, Gertrude, questions Hamlet’s despondency his psychological state and inner conflict become very obvious and apparent; â€Å"If it is, why seems it so particular with thee? †¦ Seems, madam? Nay, it is. I know not ‘seems’ †¦ Together with all forms, moods, shapes of grief, †¦ That can denote me truly†¦ These indeed ‘seem,’†¦ For they are actions that a man might play†¦ But I have that within which passeth show, These but the trappings and the suits of woe† (line 74– 85). Hamlet communicates his actual mental anguish to his mother and is by all accounts shocked at her indifference and lack of dejection for her deceased husband. Hamlet’s issues with his mother turn into an internal whirlwind that pushes the story forward. Sandra Young discusses the idea of Hamlet suffering from a severe form of the Oedipus Complex in her essay â€Å"Recognising Hamlet.† Young contends, â€Å"â€Å"Oedipus offers an explanation for this vigorous Hamlet’s indecision in the matter of avenging his father’s death — he can’t kill the usurping Claudius because he unconsciously identifies with him† (14). The possibility that Hamlet immediately detests his uncle for killing his dad yet in the meantime is envious in an oedipal framework strikes at the heart of the internal anguish that Hamlet is experiencing from the absolute starting point of the play. After an encounter with his uncle and mom, he states, â€Å"Fie on ’t , ah fie!. Things rank and gross in nature possess it merely†¦ So loving to my mother is it her face too roughly!† (Act I, Scene 2, Lines 135– 141). He attests that the garden (his family) isn’t being kept and growing rampant and wild. He doesn’t express his discontent towards his mom however holds it inside enabling it to rot and push aside all forms of logic from his mind. The topic of birth-right to Hamlet isn’t just about taking his father’s place, but also the overthrow of his father’s powerful position on the throne with respect to his mother. It is this internal battle characterised by Hamlet’s delay of his father’s retaliation that enlightens the gathering of people into his inward battle. Javed clarifies, â€Å"Hamlet could be a man of decisive action, capable of anything — except the avenging of acts, his conscience intuited, that was in keeping with his own repressed desires†. This inward hesitancy between his deep-seeded hatred for his uncle who killed his father yet at the same time profound respect for doing what he may have wanted himself is indicated at in the content as he doubts the apparition of his father. At the point when the king’s ghost uncovers the killer, Hamlet asks, â€Å"O my prophetic soul! Mine uncle?† (Act I, Scene 5, line 41). Hamlet all of a sudden wavers to believe — and later act — when a couple of minutes before he was excitedly expressing how eager he was to exact his revenge in the name of the late king of Denmark. (Act I, Scene 5, line 29– 31). The give and take occurring inside Hamlet’s mind is quite substantial. His uncle and mother’s depraved relationship is despicable to him, as we have talked about beforehand and, yet, with regards to his uncle and exacting his vengeance on him, Hamlet can’t force himself to act, even leading him to muse over the idea of suicide in hi s epic soliloquy; â€Å"To be or Not To be, that is the Question†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act 3, Scene I, Line 57-92). The mental clash moves the powers of Hamlet and this play along and gives a vehicle to the plot to come to fruition internally and also, as we will see, outwardly. Hamlet has the essential components to build up the anguish inside yet additionally demonstrates that Shakespeare understands the many-sided quality of legitimate frameworks and the give and take of political power and position. At the core of the play the external clash circles around the topic of the crown and succession. Michael Taylor in â€Å"The Conflict in Hamlet† outlines this theory in a nutshell; â€Å"The essential conflict in Hamlet, I believe, is that between man as a victim of fate and as controller of his own destiny† (150). The topic of destiny identifies with Hamlet in connection with the Political Position of King. Driven by the ghost’s thirst for revenge (as well as his own) Hamlet actually contemplates escaping along with Claudius’ banishment to England. In this play, Shakespeare beautifully harmonizes and balances internal and external clash into his play. The major internal clash is set apart by Hamlet’s subdued wants and his refusal to trust his father’s apparition and later to rapidly retaliate for him. Hamlet, suffering from an almost debilitating oedipal complex, immediately is hollowed against a curbed want for his mother and envy of his uncle. He, who is engrossed continually by — what he describes — as the forbidden idea of his mother’s association with his uncle, harbors wants that he can’t put into words and that at last led him to delay his act of vengeance. In the meantime, the inward associates with the external and the fight for the crown of Denmark turn into the concentration of the outward clash. Dedication to the crown and the implications of who fairly merits the crown can be felt when King Claudius tells Valtemand, â€Å"Farewell, and let your haste commend your duty† (Act I, Scene 2, Line 39). The political play for the crown provides a perfect backdrop for the play, with the outward clash the moves the plot along. In this way, Shakespeare makes a show utilizing both internal and outward clash to connect with audiences that span the centuries. References; Bloom, Harold, â€Å"Hamlet† (New York: Chelsea House, 1990) Brook, Andrew, â€Å"Kant And The Mind† (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) Heinämaa, Sara, and Martina Reuter, â€Å"Psychology And Philosophy† (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009) Javed, Tabassum, â€Å"The Dialogue, V.8, No.3†, Perfect Idealism In Shakespeare’S Prince Hamlet, V. 8 (2013) Young, S, â€Å"Recognising Hamlet†, Shakespeare In Southern Africa, 26 (2014), 13 Zamir, Tzachi, â€Å"Shakespeare’s Hamlet†, 1st edn (Oxford University Press, 2018) Shurgot, Michael W, and Yu Jin Ko, â€Å"Shakespeare’s Sense Of Character† (London: Taylor and Francis, 2016) Talyor, Michael, â€Å"The Conflict In Hamlet†, The Shakespeare Quaterly, 22 (1971)

Patient Care And Outcome Essay

As individuals, we are going to have different personal views and beliefs, towards issues that we are faced with in life. Every person has the right to think, write or say what ever they wish to, as long as their actions do not affect, harm or threaten any other person. However, when working within an institution involving care for the general public, your own personal beliefs and values can have an effect on how you will approach and act when faced with a certain situation. As a healthcare professional, it is of the utmost importance, that you are self aware and realise what your own beliefs and values are and not allow them to affect any other individual. We all have our own understanding of what is right and wrong, as everyone is different. As you grow and develop into life, your life and work experiences can make you judgemental also sinnical towards certain people and situations. The balance is to remain open-minded and not try to influence other people because of your personal beliefs. Working as a health care professional, means that you have to treat every person as an individual, no matter what their colour, race, gender, beliefs, values or actions may be. Allowing your own opinions or beliefs intruded on the care you give, could have very serious consequences on the patients healthcare and outcome. An example is, a nurse may have strong options about people who self harm and attempts suicide on a regular basis. The nurse may be faced with a patients who does just that and needs her nursing care, but the nurse thinks the patient is a time waster and looking for attention. This could leave the nurse in a dilemma, if her beliefs and options were that strong, she would need to evaluate her thoughts, step back and decide how she will give unbiased care. On being reflective, she would be using her self awareness skills allowing her to have an open mind and try to understand why the patient is doing it. However if the nurse allowed her strong options to be  known then the patient would feel very upset, maybe angry and uncomfortable, leading the patient to self harm again, creating a very unsafe, unsympathetic and awkward situation. The nurse’s behaviour would have a detrimental affect on the patient. The patient may act impulsive and aggressive, making the outcome a different one to what it should have been. For a nurse to behave in this manner is totally unacceptable also un professional. This shows that personal judgements made on a person, can affect the care and outcome given to that patient. In conclusion, it is imperative that as a healthcare professional, we do not impose our personal beliefs, values or opinions on any other person, we need to accept diversity and deliver the highest possible standard of care to every individual. Remembering that every individual has the right to be treated equally and with respect.

The Impact of Rural Banking on Development

THE CIVIL AND THE PUBLIC SERVICE DIFFERENCIES A public Servant is someone who does something that is in the best interest of the people. It can fit many different roles but is often used by politicians to describe them. A Civil Servant is someone whose job is to do government work, usually a bureaucratic. A civil servant or public servant is a civilian career public sector employee working for a government department or agency. The term explicitly excludes the armed services, although civilian officials will work at â€Å"Defence Ministry† headquarters.The term always includes the (sovereign) state's employees whether regional, or sub-state, or even municipal employees are called â€Å"civil servants† varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom, for instance, only Crown employees are civil servants, county or city employees are not. Many consider the study of civil service to be a part of the field of public administration. Workers in â€Å"non-departmental p ublic bodies† (sometimes called â€Å"Quangos†) may also be classed as civil servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms and conditions. Collectively a state's civil servants form its Civil Service' or Public Service.Two concepts of public servants and civil servants are very confusing in any study of public administration as both are very similar to each other. Not understanding the two concepts clearly is the reason why some students make the mistake of treating them as interchangeable, which is wrong as despite similarities, there are vital differences that need to be highlighted. One thing common to both a civil servant and a public servant is the fact that they are both officials in government departments, and though they are termed servants, they are actually bred and brought up to feel superior to common people.Both have an umbrella of security in the sense that their jobs are guaranteed, even if they are average or poor performers, and th is sense of security makes them arrogant in their behavior towards common people. Technically speaking, a civil servant is as much a public servant as a bank officer, though the major difference pertains to the level of control each has in his hands. A civil servant is always a part of the administration, and is thus, a rung above other public servants.Even, a nurse working in a government hospital qualifies to be a public servant, though she cannot be compared to a district magistrate (DM) who belongs to the category of civil servants. There are huge differences in not just pay scales and salaries; there are different sets of rules and regulations in hiring and promotion for both civil servants as well as public servants. Civil servants are selected through Union Public Service Commission at the union level, whereas every state has its own Public Service Commission to select civil servants and press into service at state level.Those selected through UPSC can get postings in public departments all over India, and this gets decided at the start with the cadre they get. What is the difference between Civil Servant and Public Servant? †¢ Civil servants are a type of public servants. †¢ Both are labeled as servants, though they are administrators and officers performing various duties. †¢ There is a great difference in rules and regulations governing their hiring and promotion. †¢ Civil servants are a rung above other public servants.

Week 8 705 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 8 705 - Assignment Example This requires knowledge on budgeting and components of budgets so that a DNP can collaborate with line personnel and inform them to ensure availability of resources for meeting patients’ needs. Ordering of tests and prescription of medicines originates from DNPs and the professionals are the right source of information for budgeting for the necessary resources. DNPs’ knowledge on budgeting can facilitate accuracy in resource allocation and availability of the required resources. In addition, ability to identify each of the direct costs such as personnel, equipments, supplies, and training expenses and to allocate expected costs to them facilitates budgeting within a DNP’s department and informs a facility’s budgeting (Loyns & Gitlin, 2008). Personnel are critical to service delivery and understanding workload volume informs DNPs on the required human resource base. The most common volume and peak volume are important to estimating extreme ends of a facility’s needs that can ensure economic, but sufficient, allocation of resources. Reliance on most common workload, together with further analysis then informs DNPs roles in budgeting for their departments and their facilities. As a leader, a DNP needs to understand human resource planning concepts for informing human resource management on appropriate human resource composition and for ensuring optimal personnel output in a DNP’s department through motivational factors (Waxman, 2012; Loyns & Gitlin,

Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay - Essay Example Evidence abounds that while some journalists lapped up such handouts and other Government-supplied material inadvertently, some others did it in good faith, while yet others did that in return for consideration. Understandably, therefore, the message they convey to the American citizens is that the Government is in full control of every situation. However, not many Americans seem to believe such rosy reports; they read between the lines, especially as doubts have been cast on the credibility of such media outlets as work as unofficial spokespersons of the Government. Public opinion in the United States has crystallized against torture in these two detention camps, despite the administration using the media for its own ends.For media outlets like Al Jazeera and Al Arabia, onthe other hand, any stick is good enough to beat theUnited States with, and, as such, they brainwashtheir essentially Arab audiences against the UnitedStates. Their message is that the days of USsupremacy are stric tly numbered. As such, there isa basic similarity between the mainstream mediain the United States and such media outlets in theArab world, in that for neither are facts sacred. Within the United States, while the liberaltraditions of the Democratic Party militate against detention camps and deprivation of the due process of law even to suspected terrorists, the conservative baggage of the Republicans is comfortable with them. Finally, the basic connection between Abu Ghraib and the Guantanamo Bay is that both are detention camps that have hit the headlines for human rights abuses. _____ "Federal authorities are investigating dozens ofAmerican television stations for broadcasting items produced by the Bush administration and major corporations, and passing them off as normal news. Some of the fake news segments talked of success in the war in Iraq." (Buncombe, Andrew; May 29, 2006) Investigators sought information about stations across the country after a report produced by a campaign group detailed the extraordinary extent of the use of such items. (Buncombe, Andrew, May 29, 2006) The report, by the non-profit Center for Media and Democracy, found that over a 10-month period at least 77 television stations were using the faux news broadcasts, known as Video News Releases (VNRs) (Buncombe, Andrew; May 29, 2006). "We know we only had partial access to these VNRs, and yet we found 77 stations using them," said Diana Farsetta, one of the researchers of the group. (Buncombe, Andrew; May 29, 2006) "I would say it's pretty extraordinary. The picture we found was much worse than we (had) expected going into the investigation in terms of just how widely these got played and how frequently these prepackaged segments were put on the air," she added. Public relations companies, commissioned to produce these segments by corporations had, according to her, become increasingly sophisticated in their techniques to get the VNRs broadcast. They were now very good at mimicking what a real, independently produced television report would look like. (Buncombe, Andrew; May 29, 2006). The range of VNRs is wide. Among items provided by the Bush administration to news stations was one in which an Iraqi-American in Kansas City was seen saying "Thank you, Bush; Thank you, USA" in response to the 2003 fall of Baghdad. The footage was actually produced by the State Department, one of 20 Federal agencies that have produced and

Basel II Compliance on Ghanaian Banks Dissertation

Basel II Compliance on Ghanaian Banks - Dissertation Example Thus the Basel II compliance regulations have already successfully shifted the Ghanaian Banks' strategy and policy direction away from their common sphere to a higher level of operational risk management. This study has specifically found out a higher level of positive correlation between customer credit related variables and Basel II compliance regulations. For instance a poor level of customer credit control at major Ghanaian Banks is basically related to the Lukewarm support for the Basel II compliance regulations. Thus this study proves that a higher level of Basle compliance adoption would definitely lead to better operational risk management and thus better customer credit control measures. 1. Introduction Background to the study Structural constraints that affect efficient operational risk management systems being implemented at the individual bank level and the industry level in Ghana. Structural constraints in the Ghanaian Commercial Banking Sector in particular and the whole domestic banking sector in general have been considered to be substantial in scope and effects in preventing the effective implementation of some of the Basel II compliance criteria in Ghana. However at the same time this research effort has identified the existence of some significant structural constraints such as Ghanaian banks' staffs, operational overheads, poor customer satisfaction metrics and significant integration related negative synergies, e.g. technology deficiencies. Thus the Ghanaian Bank requires restructuring of its operational management structures and a reevaluation of its current strengths. The subsequent efforts by the top management to carry out business process remodeling on the lines of strategic operational... Structural constraints that affect efficient operational risk management systems being implemented at the individual bank level and the industry level in Ghana. Structural constraints in the Ghanaian Commercial Banking Sector in particular and the whole domestic banking sector in general have been considered to be substantial in scope and effects in preventing the effective implementation of some of the Basel II compliance criteria in Ghana. However at the same time this research effort has identified the existence of some significant structural constraints such as Ghanaian banks’ staffs, operational overheads, poor customer satisfaction metrics and significant integration related negative synergies, e.g. technology deficiencies. Thus the Ghanaian Bank requires restructuring of its operational management structures and a reevaluation of its current strengths. The subsequent efforts by the top management to carry out business process remodeling on the lines of strategic operational reorientation have produced mixed results though there aren’t known metrics to measure the success rate. Structural constraints apart a number of ot her drawbacks have bedeviled the outcomes to a certain extent though. Domestic banking industry in the international arena in general and Ghanaian Banking sector in particular has been experiencing an upsurge in demand and supply over the past years due to a variety of reasons, including the strategic ones affecting fundamental industry-centric structures and policy related outcomes.

The Film named The Official Story is about Terror in Argentina in the Essay

The Film named The Official Story is about Terror in Argentina in the 1980s - Essay Example The movie begins in a set up of a family. The wife (Alicia) being a History teacher and the husband a wealthy businessman. The family had adopted a young girl named Analia Castro (Gaby) (Roger Ebert, 1985). A time comes that Alicia starts thinking of Gaby’s real parents. She had been frequently warned about it by her husband. The husband was fully aware of the whole story of adoption but was ignorant about it. Alicia starts a research after a friend returns from exile. She ends up knowing the grandmother to Gaby; Chela Ruiz (Sara). The grandmother explains the history of the child and how the parents disappeared. The plot of the movie suggests that Sara may not be the real grandmother and the real parents may be unknown. The movie ends with a family conflict because Alicia insists on tracing the parents of the girl (Roger Ebert, 1985). The film won many awards despite it being directed by a young director aged 39. This was the first move directed by Luis Puenzo. Reports from analysts’ state that the movie has a good flow and plot as well. The name of the movie has some criticism too. The name is Official Story, yet it has many painful narrations (Roger Ebert, 1985). Terror is the main theme in the movie. Massive killings took place as a result of political differences and this caused massive killings and suffering. Many were rendered orphans, Gaby being an ideal example. It also led to family conflicts such as what we see in the

Is elitism or pluralism a better explanatory theory of the way Essay - 1

Is elitism or pluralism a better explanatory theory of the way American government and politics really operates Why so - Essay Example In simple words, elite administration is an administration which is based on the vested interests of a specific economic class. Pluralism, on the other hand is based on diversity and acceptance and is stated to be implemented for the common good of the people. With special regards to a modern economic, social and political development, pluralism is considered to be the most effective and cost efficient system. Elitism and pluralism are two separate entities. If you feel the need to differentiate between the two, you would need to study their individual characteristics. (Elitism: The future of american foreign policy: elitism versus pluralism) Although there are various attributes attached to the elite, there is no single definition of the term. Likewise, the term elite can also be used to describe a class or group of people who have the required wealth and the essential social status to influence class determination. Listed below are a few personal attributes which are directly linked to the elitist theory. The pluralism concept is often considered essential for the US set up as it is not individualistic in nature and is governed owing to numerous resources. These resources can enhance the overall power of the politicians by providing opportunities in terms of legal authority, prestige, knowledge, skill and monetary benefits. Henceforth, as compared to elite system, the pluralism theory is ideal for the US set up. (Allaboutreligion) (Bryner) The biggest reason which advocates the concept of pluralism is the ability of the pluralistic society to differentiate between potential and actual power. Actual power is undoubtedly the ability to force an individual through compulsive force whereas potential power is the ability to transform a potential resource into usable power. A perfect example of this concept is the currency bills. If there is no power attached to cash, the bills would continue to remain plain pieces of paper and vice versa. The pluralist

Walt Disney Company Context Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Walt Disney Company Context Analysis - Essay Example His success was not instant; many film distributors laughed at his ideas. He met with constant criticisms and was judged as being an average cartoonist. The actual design of Mickey Mouse was attributed to Iwerks. However, Disney did get credit for his ability to visualize characters and stories. Disney’s earlier films were funded with his own money. Mickey Mouse brought in enough money to allow him to develop other projects. (Walt Disney Company, 2003). His first full-length film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, opened in 1937 and was a hit. This move produced a line of successful movies. When the 1950s rolled around Americans began to spend more time at home, therefore, he advanced into television. He was seen as an icon after World War II as his innovation brought mouse ears into the homes and lives of children all over the world. He is well known as a visionary of sound animation but also an innovator of the American business model as well. (Kao, 2010). Historical and Geog raphical Elements: Disney has been a very influential force in the entertainment industry, especially for children and families. Walt Disney was born of humble beginnings in 1901 in Chicago. His upbringing has said to of been a great influence on his later middle-class family status. His father, Elias, moved the family throughout the Midwest looking for work. In those days hard work to support a household of five children was prized. However, there was little money left for entertainment. The children were forced to go to work at an early age, and Walt began work at age nine as a newspaper delivery boy. He and his brothers and sisters were given social and religious values from an early age. (The Walt Disney Company, 2003. P.2). He found that he was very talented in art at age 14 so he enrolled at the Kansas City Art Institute. From ages 14 to 16 he signed up to serve as an ambulance driver during World War I. Shortly after the war had ended he found employment as a commercial artis t, and was able to form an animated cartoon company in Kansas City. From there he teamed up with his brother Roy who lived in Hollywood. (The Walt Disney Company, 2003, p.3). Word reached the West Coast shortly after Disney arrived from a company wanting to gain the rights to Disney live action cartoon reels. He took advantage of the business opportunity and joined with M. J. Winkler who offered $1.500 per reel. (The Walt Disney Company, 2003, p.3). From there his career took off. â€Å"Disney studios took full advantage of the small screen revolution of television.† (The Walt Disney Company, 2003, p.3). In 1955 Disneyland opened in Anaheim, California and The Mickey Mouse Club debuted on ABC television. Every kid in American had Mickey Mouse ears. This brought on such movies as The Shaggy Dog and Mary Poppins in 1964, which was a box office hit. The Wonderful World of Disney started in 1955 as well and ran for 20 years. He always demanded professionalism of his employees as well as the highest quality technology available. Walt Disney died in 1966 of cancer, however, his brother vowed to make sure his employees carried on the standards of his work. (The Walt Disney Company, 2003, p.4). Geographically the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts began in California, however, the second one, Walt Disney World Resort founded in Orlando, Florida became the model for the others. The Tokyo Disney Resort was the first to open in another country in 1983 and further expanded in

Lack of a clear plan, ineffective leadership, marketing effectiveness, Term Paper

Lack of a clear plan, ineffective leadership, marketing effectiveness, and lack of execution are common problems of a small business and how strategic planning can help avoid them - Term Paper Example Independent ownership implies sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, or any other legal form (U.S. Small Business Administration, 2010). Irrespective of the industry, a small business operates in; it has been found that they suffer from largely the same types of problems. Small size of a business enterprise ensures that the management acts as a sharp cost controllers and active member of routine operations. This gives rise to many leadership related problems and loss of far-sighted visions. The discussion below further details the types of problems faced by small businesses. A major problem that infests a small business is ineffective leadership. Leadership, to be effective, should be influential enough for the employees so as to motivate them to work ethically and create values for their customers (Grenny, 2009). Most of the leaders today have no concrete idea of their work. They get involved in the hassles of routine instead of focussing on the long term goal of the business. The problem appears to more widespread in small businesses because the compulsion to save costs are higher. Hence, to cut down upon the number of employees, leaders end-up becoming a part of the operations instead of managing the operations. Also, leaders of such small businesses are often not trained scientifically and their decisions are the outcome of their experiences rather than established managerial practices. Another common problem among small businesses is lack of a clear plan (Harsberger, 2010). Lack of a plan results in short sightedness of the business and distracts the manager in aligning all the activities towards the common goal of the organization. Ultimately, non-essential activities result in wastage of cash resources which otherwise could be applied more usefully. There appears to be a direct correlation between the clarity of plan and the success of the business (Perry, 2001) Even if a business has proper marketing strategy and plan, the execution

Implanting Artificial Limb in the Body Term Paper

Implanting Artificial Limb in the Body - Term Paper Example As healing occurs, the skin produces a pocket that gathers dirt which increases the probability of infection. Scientists are developing methods to help make better connections between metal, bone, and flesh to reduce the risk of infection. They contend that an implant where bone-metal fusion has occurred prevents bacteria infecting the bone. As such, they concentrate on helping skin to form a firm closure about the embedded metal to reduce the risk of infection. They found deer antlers provided a clue about how to accomplish this. They do it by large pores in the bone just underneath the skin which helps the skin to stick. Scientists insert a similarly porous shim underneath the skin which helps the tissue to close. Ultimately, scientists are seeking a solution that will last about 70 years. Nevertheless, the technology is not allowed in the U.S. yet. American scientists are trying to get authorization from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to transport this expertise home. Even with the risks involved, surgically implanted prosthetics that attach too bone are more effective solutions than traditional prosthetics which often cause too much discomfort to be completely practical. We often regard technology as the brain-child of science, and we assume that science juxtaposed to art. We do not think of its application like we think of performing arts or visual arts as creative, but in many ways, technology is an expression of human creativity. The process of scientific research, development, and implementation are profoundly creative by definition. Scientific research is creative in that it gleans applicable knowledge from nature. The act of filtering what is unimportant or insignificant out from what really matters in terms of knowledge is creative in that the resultant understanding is synthesized from what is known and unknown. It is the process of teasing out what we need from reality creating a new reality

Creative Spark Talk Analysis Essay Example for Free

Creative Spark Talk Analysis Essay Sir Ken Robinson is an educator, respected author and leading advocator for changes to the educational system. A Professor believes that the education system needs to be more creative and stop preventing creativity. Sir Robinson speech on â€Å"How Schools Kill Creativity†; given on February 2006; at TED conference in Monterey California. It focuses on the education system goals and the educators understanding the process of developing a successful system. The focus of his speech is how schools do everything they can to dissuade children from being creative. He is advocating for a monumental change in current educational systems that nurture and promote creativity. The education system profound way of how the selection process of the employee, prevents the out-of-box thinkers from maintaining their creativity growth. Stages of Creativity Robinson begins his talk referencing how we have become a society that deeply vested in education. He goes on to say today’s children have incredible talent but we waste it through our current educational systems. He discusses how we have become a society that is educating for 50 years in the 2065 we really have no idea what the future will look like in five years. In looking at the four stages of creativity, it is easy to see how the current educational systems stifle creativity. Stage one according to Ryan Ruggiero is searching for challenges or â€Å"meeting challenges in an imaginative, original, and effective way† (Ruggiero, 2012). Robinson discusses how our educational systems have become more about mathematics and science and less about the arts. Young children are willing to take a  chance. If they do not know an answer to a question, they are not afraid to go for it or of being wrong according to Robinson. Robinson makes an excellent point that â€Å"if you aren’t prepared to be wrong then you will never come up with anything creative† (Robinson, 2007). Stage three, which probably the most important deals with investigating the problem. It is important to make sure you obtain the necessary information to deal effectively with the problem. The last stage is stage four, which involves producing ideas. It is importa nt to make sure you generate enough ideas to decide which action you should take. Concepts of imagination and Curiosity Almost the entire talk Robinson gave revolved around creativity and imagination. Robinson discusses how today’s society has become dependent on rising through the ranks by achieving different degree levels. He explains that in order to rise to different levels there is too much focus on answering questions accurately and too much focus on when mistakes occur. Personal experiences and Benefit Society I remember not doing well in my Biology class and my instructor challenge me to change location in the classroom. I did not believe that the seat selection was the problem, but changing the seat eliminated the surrounding distraction and my grades highlighted the improvement. I took that same approach to the rest of my classes and the results astonishing. I believe at that time most of my teachers had written me off, but as an educator you have to seek ways more creative approach to capture and develop the students minds for thinking out of the box. I have learn from that experience and lecture, we as educators in the educational system have to be open to ideas and develop different methodology that will help our learners to mature and produce different avenues of approach to accomplishing a task. Sir Robinson talk was quite eye opening for me and has made me take a more analytical approach to how I even educate my children. References Robinson, K. (2007, January 6). Sir Ken Robinson: Do schools kill creativity? [Video file]. Retrieved from Youtube.com website: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG9CE55wbtY Ruggiero, V. R. (2012). The Art Thinking. The art of thinking: A guide to critical and creative thought (10th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson Longman.

Training and Development Case Study

Training and Development Case Study Training is a method of provide knowledge, skills, and technical for employee through the activities or events. Besides, training can improve ones capability, capacity, and performance, help the company achieve the goal and profit efficiently. Development is focused upon the activities that the company recruiting the employee into our company and help the company together in the future. This method must be discussed and planned by the organization. The definition of training and development Companys activity aimed at through information and instructions to upgrade the employees performance and skills on the present job or to help employee arrived a required level of knowledge or skill. This method can increase the production of the company, move forward a single step to increase the company profit. Company use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet specific objectives or requirements in their future. They also will invite more employees into their company and provide skills and technical to them. The process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions. The importance of training and development 1) Overcoming weaknesses and improved employee performance Most employees have some weaknesses in their workplace skills. Training can provide the skills and knowledge to them that each employee needs to improve. A development program can brings their employee to higher level to product the production. This method can reduce mistake of the employee, produce the outputs efficiently. When the employees are competent and on top of changing industry standards, they will help the company hold a position as a leader and strong competitor within the industry. 2) Consistency and employee satisfaction Through a structured training and development program ensures that employees can work and help the company together, improve work efficiency. If the employees obtain the opportunity to practice, they will increase their skills and technical. Therefore, the employees have the advantage over employees in other companies that a company makes shows the employees they are valued. Through training opportunities, the employees may feel more satisfaction toward their jobs. Content Training and development was one of the main functions in human resource management. With the advancement of the world, most of the company will try to invest money in employees through the training and development as the employees is one of the main weapon for company to compete with others in business. When the company is investing money in equipment, its value might be depreciated over the years. But investing in employees will be totally different as investing in equipment. When the company is investing in employees, it will bring a lot of benefits to company. The training and development could produce more productive and effective employees to the company in return of the investment. These employees could improve the performance of the company. Training refer to the method used by employers to give their employees some skill needed to perform in their job. Nowadays, the most common training methods used by the company are induction training, on-the-job training and off-the-job training. Induction training will try to familiarizes the new employees with their responsibilities and role. Normally the human resource manager will explain the company rules, working hours, vacations, employees benefits, company organization and operations, as well as expectation of the job to the new employees on the first day. Then the facilities tour will be given to new employees within the workplace and all the colleagues are introduced to make them feel welcome. On-the-job training means the employees receive training in the workplace. The most common type of on-the-job training is coaching. The experienced employees will provide instruction and demonstrations to the trainees in order for them to learn some new skills. Job rotation means the trainee will be given different task to gain experience in the full range of job and to broaden their understanding of the business. Special assignments are given to trainee which give them a chance to deal with the actual problem in working. Off-the-job training means the employees receive training at a site away from the working environment. They could be in-house training or out-house training. In- house training means training will be given to trainee using employers facilities while out-house training are provided by outsider or college. The company will allowed their employees to go for higher education by sponsored them to the show their support. The employees could learn more knowledge from the outside specialists and this could help them in increasing their confidence towards the job given. While development refer to the method used to improve employees performance by teaching them general knowledge and changing their attitudes. The goal of development is more focus on long-term, they are trying to help employees grow in getting higher position in the future. When any managerial position is available in the company, there could be a qualified person from current employees to take over the position. This could ensure a smooth transition and operational efficiency in the company. Case Development (I) Background of Petronas The company that we choose is PETRONAS. PETRONAS was founded at 17 August 1974, which is 100% owned by Malaysia government. PETRONAS is a company that is the largest corporation in the world, which invest the total gas and oil resources and consign responsibility of adding value and developing to the resources. There are some important achievements of PETRONAS. At 1975, PETRONAS is the first company which exports crude oil. At 1976, PETRONAS had made a conclusion that is sharing production contract with Shell and Esso. PETRONAS had incorporated with Carigali and Asean Bintulu Fertilizer at 1978 and 1980. At 1981, the first gas station of PETRONAS had business in Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Kuala Lumpur. During 1984, HQ had moved to Komplets Dayabumi. Petronas had started the first export of fertilizer and liquefied at 1985. Next, PETRONAS had the first oversea operation in Myanmar at 1990. At 1994, the first subsidiary of PETRONAS, which is PETRONAS Dagangan Bhd, was listed on KLSE. HQ had moved to Twin Towers at 1997. Due to PETRONAS incorporation, it has been grow to a unify international gas and oil company. Its business was interested in 35 foreign countries. PETRONAS group included 103 owned subsidiaries, 57 joint companies, and 19 outfits at the end of March 2005. Based on these companies, PETRONAS group has been make that involved in many activities of gas and oil. For example, upstream exploration, allocation products of petroleum, makes natural gas and etc. PETRONAS is a headquarter at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, which was started on 42nd National Day of Malaysia, at 31 August 1998. PETRONASs employees are the most important asset and key to achieve success in realising the aspiration to be a leading multinational oil and gas corporation. PETRONAS Company todays achievements and in the future depends largely on the collective efforts and commitment of their employees. With this in mind, PETRONAS Company place top priority on human capital training and development. These statements define PETRONAS as an organization, leading their corporate activities and policies, setting the course for the future. (II) Human Resource Practices of Petronas At PETRONAS, employees are never lack of development, advancement, or progressive movement. The potency of all the employees is giving support and encouragement as during the period of training and development. At the same time, competencies and skill technique are practised for each PETRONASs employee to achieve his/her full ability and prospective. Stepping into the employment of PETRONAS, all the employees will directly commence on the journey of training development experience. PETRONAS insiders are confidential not only to training and development activities but also giving advantage from the daily casual counselling and instructing, close to the job training, job enrichment, job rotation and self nurturing amongst others during the official lecture with a setting of strategy inwardly as well as outwardly. In order to give a hand for insiders in enhancing their knowledge and ability, there is an intended outstanding formal program in training and development. That is developing in-house trainers. Here, the PETRONAS Company subordinates training requirements are time after time recognize by the superiors. In order to offer effective and important training, PETRONAS has urbanized in excess of 30 in-house trainers. In-house training is defined as any training that is held in company premises in order to educate, develop or expand employees technique and skills. This involves all technical and soft skills courses that serve for this purpose. These instructors are well capable of to afford training and development programs in the following areas. 1) Permit to Work Training It is a more recognized by PETRONAS structure stating exactly what work is to be complete and when, and which parts of the work are secure. Assessing the work and test out safety at each of the stage in working environment is a responsible for a employee to carry out. Employees undertaking the job sign the permit are to show that they realize the risks involved and what safety measures are necessary. Besides that, employers of PETRONAS must be awake of the policy concerning more risky work activities, and guarantee that they understand their responsibility, duties and obligations in law. The course of industrial safety training will enable managers to assess the requirements of a particular job or task, and ensure that permit to work documentation is completed correctly and that employees undertaking dangerous activities are capable to do in securely way. 2) Confined Space Authorised Gas Tester PETRONAS is essential in examination for and ensuring working surroundings are out of harms in some exacting way. An authorization of managing about a confined space during the muggy work for either outer spaces or indoor workplace should give precedence first. By this way, it will make possible for the employees or worker to discover and understand appropriately all the instruction that recognition from the gas disclosure. The course of Confined Space Authorised Gas Tester content work area classification and its risk and safety factors, Chemistry of fire, toxic, and flammable atmosphere, type of gas detectors for inert atmosphere, gas testing procedures, gas testing practical, type of gas detectors for inert atmosphere and the construction of gas detectors. 3) Processed Safety Workshop This course provides an impression of course of action about the safety engineering essentials for dealing out with hydrocarbon facilities, which importance on the upstream oil gas sector such as PETRONAS. Process Safety Management is focusing on this course for the engineering/design aspects. Frequent reference will be made to historical happening and recurring problem areas. Oil and gas processing will be reviewed with some techniques for analyzing and justifying process of safety hazards. A key aim of this course is to accomplish a deliberate advance to Process Safety Management with addition of the concepts enclosed. Exercises and group projects will be develop throughout the course to highlight the key of the learning points. 4) First Aid Training PETRONAS place an emergency treatment administered to an injured or sick person before professional medical care is available during their working progress. 5) Advance First Responder Training From this training, first responders are the first people on scene during an emergency. Police, fire fighters, s, and even school personnel are more likely to be the first responders during an emergency than others. PETRONAS offer training courses and independent study programs to prepare first responders for emergencies. This training can be found at both the consciousness level, which offers a more detailed and job-specific level of education on the given topic. This training can be found on several different topics, including use of hazardous materials and management. Besides, technical training is one of the training that Petronas used. The purpose of technical training is to teach employee about the detailed of skills to fulfill the daily work task. Technical training can be referring in any setting, such as vocational, consideration, and information technology. The part of Petronas success is qualified to skill and train personnel to corporation employs. Petronas has used a practical role in human resource development to ensure the company has enough professionals supply for the long-term requirements, since it started more than 30 years. In 1983, Petronas has set up technical traning to train technicians and operators to expand manufacturing facilities. Besides, Petronas had set up Management Training Centre for training and development. At the same year, Petronas had created Institut Latihan Perindustrian Petroleum (ILPP), also known as Institut Teknologi Petroleum Petronas (INSTEP), to focus on the problems such as lack of trained machinist and technicians. Institut Teknologi Petroleum Petronas, INSTEP, had provided technical training to employees. For example, job profiling, learning analysis, and so on. INSTEP had 3 amphitheatres and 42 learning rooms for different types of training activities. Besides, Petronas Technical Training Sdn. Bhd. (PTTSB), had set up a technical training with UMW Oil and Gas Corporation Sdn. Bhd. on 28 June 2012 at Kuala Lumpur. Based on this technical training, it will focus on Malaysian who lack in gas, drilling, and oil industry. Another theory of training and development is education grant that has offered by PETRONAS Company as they always show their appreciation and encouraging on their employees who are willing to go the further mile in the mission of expanding their knowledge in fields relevant to their job or future projects/assignments. PETRONAS Company share the education costs for those who are pursuing the following qualifications such as diploma, degree, master degree or Ph. D as an evidence of commitment to support PETRONASs employees in pursuing higher education. There are types of education grants for qualified employees who wish to continue their education at a higher institution of learning. Employees education grants may be issued by PETRONAS towards some particular course of study that related to their interest or job position in the company. In majority, PETRONAS pay all the education grants directly to the institutes where the employees enrolled. Other forms of employees education grants, it can be used with a number of different consent of degree programs. PETRONAS has the intention in developing a skilled workforce and able to hire a talented employees. (III) Advantages There are advantages in training and development. The advantages of in-house training include training cost saving. The cost per representative will lesser when compared to the same number of employee sending to public training courses. Secondly is PETRONAS Company will get more convenience because this training fit around the working schedule of the staff and at a location they go frequently. Thirdly it is more specific due to its course run generally for a single client and allocates the training to focus on specific items that are causing issues. Fourthly its also make some saving in travel cost, those PETRONASs trainee no need to travel any further than their offices and incur extra costs like transport fees, driver and so on. Fifthly is team building, all the trainee will occupy in a room full of delegates from different departments which they be able to encourage greater team work, responsive and understanding of each others role. There are some advantages of technical training too. Firstly, technical training may causes employees career advancement. It is because when the employers distinguish that the employees are conscientious in learning, the employers will give chances to employees in the technical areas, such as technical responsibility, project leadership, management and etc. In this case, the salary of the employees will be increase. Furthermore, technical training will causes employees lead to personal growth. It is because employees will learn something that is new in the short range through technical training. Besides, technical training may help new employees, who are searching for jobs, in the positions of career- oriented, and refresh the skills and knowledge of older employees so that they can keep up in their working environment and build up a better relationships between employers and employees. Education grants give a lot of advantages to the employee in PETRONASs company. However, this practice also exist its merit and demerit. Education grants help them to pay their tuition fees, sponsor and assistance from their company so that they can further their education without being anxious about the monetary matters. Besides that, there is also none competitive, everyone who have the attentive and ability or found to be a worthy candidate may deserve the grants from either an industry, government or others sponsor. This education grants may perhaps help individual of PETRONASs employees update their skill and training to a better grade and might help them towards a higher level. (IV) Disadvantages There are disadvantages in training and development too. The disadvantages of in-house training include extra administration burden that PETRONAS need to make sure there have suitable training room, equipment, trainer parking to get the delegates to the training centre. Besides that, some of the trainee may not taken it as seriously -as they might attend just to have a break from their job or dont turn up when the course is running on another day. There are no networking opportunities also during this training, employees are not allow to have networking and learning from another company. In addition, this will place some pressure to PETRONASs employees, if they are offsite training then they cannot be contacted to class however if they are onsite they can be pulled out of a classroom if needed. However, there are some disadvantages in technical training too. Cost is one of the disadvantages. Cost will increase the expenses of the company. It is because when the company sends the employees for training, the company has to pay for employees to invite the trainer. A good trainer may be expensive and causes over budget. Besides, the disadvantage of technical training is time requirements. The company has to spend a plenty of time for training employees but the company do not have much time. If the company offers the time that does not enough for training, it may causes employees do not know everything that they have to learn. The trainer will also have to rush due to the time is not enough and causes the trainer goes through some topic that is important and ignore some topic that employees have to learn too. Nevertheless, education grant has disadvantages as well. Grants have a narrow down by restricting the number of employees to apply with the scale of job fitting. Employees who obtaining the education grants typically require work harder and plenty of examine and strategic to fulfil individuals requirement. Moreover, its also increase an organizations expenditure since particular activities must be included in some of the project. In addition, revolution of technology nowadays up growth. Legislator and other charge of education or training need more funds to re-establish the changes. (V) Critique PETRONAS as an organization, directing their corporate activities and strategic, setting their practices of training and development for the future. PETRONAS has make use of technical training, in-house training and education grants as their practices for the employees training and development. Comparing with the similar industry as thought SHELL Global or ESSO, they have applied some professional training such as public relations and media programme for their employees according to their working experience. Its better attending a module with representative from other companies. This will allow networking interaction more and learning from one another. Besides, training and development bring a lot of advantages to Petronas Company. Petronas had used training and development appropriately. For example, Petronas used technical training causes employees career advancement and causes employees lead to personal growth. In this case, Petronas will be more progress through training and development. Thus, training and development may causes the company become more effectiveness although it will bring some disadvantages to the company. Recommendation PETRONAS need to find alternative practices of training and development for their employees. To determining a long term profitability and well management of a company, the quality of employees are the major issues in a company throughout some training and education. It is a good guiding principle to devote an excellent employee, which can improve the companys productivity consequently. A suggestion that is PETRONAS may possibly propose a sustainability organization leadership techniques with the institutes which include Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) and PETRONAS Management Training. It should also invite some profession institutor from other country to conduct company employees. By this way, hope that it could benefits PETRONAS to achieve some valuable employees and able to increase companys employee effectiveness and efficiency. In addition, Petronas must update the program in technical training. For example, Petronas may combine some course which is energizer to employees. Petronas may able to introduce some new computer software, technological systems, programs and etc to increase the current skill of employees. In this case, employees may get more new knowledge and skills so that it can use in their current jobs. Petronas can ensure that the employees are working in a safety environment by training well their employees. Petronas may also start to retraining new employees on new systems. It is because Petronas may avoid change conflict from employees. For example, Shell Global ensure that their engineers are trained well and able to work in safety environment by giving them training in drilling, operating, maintain, and designing. Conclusion PETRONAS is a company that categorized under the oligopoly type of market structures. PETRONAS is one of the governments asset, it is also one of the company that provides petroleum and gas for the country. PETRONAS has been growing nationwide and worldwide since previous years. PETRONASs products also being exported and used in other countries such as Egypt in Africa. By exporting the products, it is making a lot of profits and as such the country benefits a lot from it. Production of petroleum and gas are not the only thing that it care for but also collaborate with other markets such as education and provide sponsorship loans to those students which need them. Various institutions had been established by PETRONAS as their main objective is to enrich the nation with quality education.

The Importance Of Communication Within Nursing Nursing Essay

The Importance Of Communication Within Nursing Nursing Essay The aim of this essay is to explore the concept of communication within nursing. Communication is often seen as a verbal act, however, this essay will explore the various other means in which people communicate, and attempt to apply them to a clinical setting. It will also explain how important communication is when establishing the nurse, patient relationship, and how bad communication skills can result in a breakdown in that relationship. Finally, a reflection will be written on an aspect of communication that took place during a clinical placement. This will be used to highlight how good or bad communication techniques can impact upon the patient and hence inhibit or aid the rehabilitation process. Over recent years, the role of a nurse has changed considerably. According to Kenworthy et al (2002) the nurse no longer treats a patient who is ill, but treats the person who happens to have an illness. Nursing has taken on a more holistic approach, and patients are seen more as whole beings (Jones 1998). Not only are their medical histories examined, but their social being and their lifestyle are taken into consideration when planning and implementing treatment (Kenworthy et al. 2002). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008) specifies that nurses should treat patients as individuals and make their care their primary concern. This should be carried out whilst respecting their dignity and treating them as individuals. The code goes on to state, that a nurse should; act as an advocate for those in their care, helping them to access relevant health and social care, information and support (NMC 2008 p.1). In order for a nurse to understand the patient holistically, they will need to collect and analyse a huge amount of data. This begins with the initial assessment, and signals the beginning of the nursing process. (Palmer Kaur, 2005). According to Roper, et al (1983), cited in Aggleton Chalmers (2000) nursing should be centred on the patients twelve activities of daily living. This involves asking in depth questions concerning the patients normal behaviours and habits in relation to such activities as elimination, sleep, work and play. By talking to the patient and obtaining the information required, the nurse should aim to build a therapeutic relationship between themselves and the patient. During this period, the nurse should attempt to gain the trust of her patient by making them feel comfortable, safe and at ease (Sheldon 2005). This stage of the nurse, patient relationship is crucial, and depends wholly on the communication abilities of the nurse in question. In order for an assessment to be successfully completed, the nurse should be conscious of the types of questions used. The use of open ended questions can allow a patient to elaborate on their feelings, and prevent yes or no answers. However, when precise information is required the use of closed questions may be more appropriate (Sully Dallas 2005). Stuart Laraia (2001), cited in Riley (2004) argue that a therapeutic relationship can be facilitated by communication, but at times can act as a barrier to the relationship. Renwick (1992) cited in Arnold Boggs (2003) concur, suggesting that nurses should ask an appropriate number of questions in order to collect relevant data , yet too many questions could cause the patient to feel as if they are being cross-examined. According to Sheldon, (2005), a nurse should view communication as a clinical skill, and endeavour to constantly build on their expertise throughout their career. Communication in its simplest term, is the social interaction of people. It involves the sending and receiving of messages, which can either be verbal or non-verbal (Anderson, 1990). According to Riley (2004) firstly, the sender has to encode the message that he or she wishes to send. This message is then conveyed to the receiver through means of speech, sight, and touch. It is then necessary for the receiver to decode the message, and encode a return message. Speech is often seen as the main component of communication. However, it is important for health professionals to remember, that not all words have the same meaning for everyone. Even if a patient does understand what the nurse is saying, the non verbal actions that accompany the words spoken, can completely change the meaning of the message (Arnold Boggs, 2003) Therefore, other elements apart from speech need to be taken into consideration when decoding and encoding messages. According to Argyle (1988) and Ekman Friesen (1987), cited in Kenworthy et al (2002), facial expression can reveal volumes with regards to the emotional state of the receiver or sender. They recognised six fundamental emotions, which are identifiable across all cultures, by the movement of facial muscles; happiness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust and sadness. If a patient were undergoing an embarrassing procedure and the nurse caring for them showed signs of embarrassment or distaste via their facial muscles, this could make an unpleasant situation even more humiliating for the patient concerned. Stanton (1990) argues that an individuals body language can often display a much stronger message than their verbal communication, and can become open to misinterpretation. It is therefore necessary for health professionals to consider their non-verbal techniques of communica tion in order to avoid such misunderstandings. A further aspect of communications that a nurse should be conscious of is paralanguage. This includes the characteristics that run alongside language, for instance, pitch, volume, tone, accent and speed of speech. (Kenworthy et al 2002). It is entirely possible for the sender to encode one thing, only for the receiver to decode quite another. For instance, if a nurse is giving a patient instruction on how to take their medication, with a loud tone, and is pronouncing her words very slowly, the patient may feel as if they are being patronised. This could ultimately lead to a breakdown in communication, and hence the patients quality of care could become compromised. In conclusion, it is of the utmost importance that a nurse is able to build a trusting relationship with the patient, this will form the basis of the patients treatment and rehabilitation. The nurses communication ability is paramount and they must be fully aware of, and take into account the verbal and non-verbal aspects of communication. The nurse must also be aware of the diversity of clients, and treat them with sensitivity and respect. This will create a mutual understanding between nurse and patient, which will ultimately aid the rehabilitation process. The second part of this assignment will reflect on an incident that took place during a clinical setting. It will be used to demonstrate a further understanding of the importance of communication within nursing. Reflection on Practice Reflective practice has been identified and acknowledged as an essential tool within the healthcare profession. According to Jasper (2003), the ability to reflect upon ones experiences is the starting point for relating theory to practice. The reflective process requires the individual to be self aware, and able to analyse their actions, thoughts and feelings, and if necessary, bring about positive change (Bulman Schutz 2004). For the purposes of this reflection I will use the Gibbs reflective cycle (see Appendix 1). This model sets out a series of structured questions, which will help guide me through the reflective process In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Code of Conduct (2008) patient confidentiality will be maintained throughout this reflective account. Therefore, the patient involved will be referred to by the pseudonym of Rose. Description: What Happened? My first clinical placement was on an elective surgery ward. Rose, a 70 year old woman was suffering from primary osteoarthritis of the right hip. This is a degenerative, non-inflammatory condition, which affects the hyaline cartilage of the synovial joints (Manley and Bellman 2003). Due to her continuing pain and decreased mobility, she had agreed to undergo a total right hip arthroplasty. According to OBrien et al (1997a) arthroplasty, is the most common, and successful treatment for osteoarthritis of the hip. Rose was on her second, post operative day and was having trouble opening her bowels. The nurses caring for her were aware of this, and she had been given a laxative the previous evening. She was very reluctant to get out of bed and walk to the toilet herself, as she was afraid of the pain, and the fact that she may dislocate her hip. A staff nurse and I, had placed a bed pan underneath Rose several times that morning, but she had been unable to open her bowels. According to (Heberer and Marx 1995) constipation after surgery is quite commonplace, this can be due to the drugs taken after surgery to combat pain. Each time the staff nurse and I had assisted Rose, she had become very frustrated and angry. Later that afternoon Roses buzzer went off, she explained that she had a strong feeling that her bowels were about to open. I could tell by Roses facial expression that she was indeed desperate to open her bowels. The other two nurses on duty that day were busy with two post operative patients. I realised, that I would have to choose between waiting for another staff member to assist me, or allowing Rose to soil herself and her bed. I was aware that this would be very embarrassing and humiliating for her, I was also aware of the Code of Conduct (NMC 2008) that emphasises the fact that nurses should act in the best interests of the patient. I was also reluctant to attempt this alone, as Rose had become somewhat angry during previous attempts. Feelings: What were you thinking? Even though I had previously assisted qualified staff in placing Rose on a bedpan, I was rather apprehensive about tackling this procedure unsupervised. As no help seemed to be arriving, I realised that I had to make a decision. Not only was Rose becoming increasingly desperate, she was also becoming irate and impatient. I decided, that in order to adhere to the Code of Conduct (NMC, 2008) I would have to try and help Rose to the best of my ability, alone. I was very nervous, not only was I worried that I would not get her on the bedpan in time; I was also concerned that I would not be able to cope with her demeanour, if this happened. I did not feel experienced enough in my communication skills to be able to carry this out, whilst at the same time, attempting to place her on the bed pan. I explained to Rose that I was going to place the bedpan underneath her; I also explained that I was a student nurse and that I was still learning. Above Rose there was an over bed pole hoist (monkey bar) that she was able to use to pull herself up, whilst I placed the bed pan underneath her. Whilst Rose was pulling herself up she was making a lot of noise due to the strain of using her upper body, and the pain of her hip. I tried to encourage her with a calm voice, however I was aware that my tone of voice was rising because I felt panicked. This in turn caused Rose to become even more agitated. This was making me even more apprehensive, and I began to feel flustered and very inexperienced. It was very difficult to sit rose squarely on the bedpan as she was lying flat, I was very worried that she would completely miss it and soil the bedding. Not only would this be very humiliating and uncomfortable for her, but it would make me feel very incompetent as a nurse. During this time I f elt very inexperienced, and doubtful as to whether I would make a very good nurse at all. Eventually Rose managed to open her bowels, it was extremely loose and had an offensive smell. I was very worried that I would not be able to remain professional due to the sight and smell of the faeces. I was aware that this could be detrimental to Roses self esteem and could cause a barrier within the nurse, patient relationship. Whist wiping Rose, it was clear that she was very embarrassed. I too felt embarrassed, and endeavoured to keep talking to her until I had finished. Even though I had tried to hide my embarrassment, I was very concerned that Rose had been aware of it. This made me feel frustrated and annoyed with myself. Evaluation: What was good and bad about the situation? I feel that my lack of communication skills during an embarrassing situation were evident during the procedure. Rose was embarrassed enough, without me adding to her discomfort by showing my awkwardness. Although I managed to check my facial expressions whilst Rose was defecating for signs of distaste, I failed to check them for signs of embarrassment whilst wiping her. Despite my inexperience, I feel that I made the right choice when I decided to place Rose on the bed pan myself. I was aware that I had limitations as a student nurse, however, I felt that it was in Roses best interests for me to go ahead unaided. The whole situation would have been made a lot worse if Rose had defecated in the bed. She would have felt very humiliated and embarrassed and her feelings of lost independence would have escalated. Analysis: What sense can you make of the situation? On reflection I feel that I pre-judged Rose. Every time I had dealt with her over the previous two days she had appeared very demanding and short tempered. However, when everything had been cleared away, I sat with Rose and we talked for a while. Through the use of open questions I began to understand why Rose came across as difficult. Sully (2005), suggests that the use of open ended questions allows the patients to elaborate their feelings, and closed questions should only be used in instances when yes or no answers are required. I discovered that Rose was a very nice lady, who was simply embarrassed and frightened by her lack of mobility and independence. She explained that previous to her hip problems she had played golf on a regular basis, and that she was very worried that she would not be able to resume this pastime. According to Kennedy Sheldon (2004) anger in patients is often a reaction to fear and anxiety, particularly in cases where there is lack of independence. After ou r conversation, I felt that I had a greater understanding of Rose. Although I knew Rose was in pain, and appreciated her embarrassment, I had viewed her as an impatient, demanding lady. Rogers (1951), cited in Kennedy Sheldon (2004) suggest, that the manner in which a person responds to illness, is an individual response to their change of circumstances. He goes further, and states that it is the responsibility of the nurse to treat the patient as an individual, devoid of any prejudice, and with unconditional positive regard. (ibid). Smith Hart (1994), cited in Hollinworth et al (2005) concur, stating that nurses should refrain from being judgemental and should never label patients as being difficult or demanding following a particular episode of anger. On reflection this is exactly what I did. Due to Roses frustration during earlier attempts to place her on the bed pan, I had perceived her as a demanding and bad tempered lady, this had led to me feeling very apprehensive about dea ling with her. On reflection, I realise that I made assumptions about Roses personality that were not true. During the procedure I had attempted to calm Rose down by talking to her. However, I had allowed the tone of my voice to rise because I felt flustered. Ellis et al (2003), suggest that the tone and pitch of a senders voice can give clues to the receiver about the mood, and mind state of the sender. Jack Smith (2007), argue that the actual tone of the voice used, can have more of an impact that the actual words spoken. This can lead to a total misinterpretation of the message being conveyed and could ultimately lead to a breakdown in the nurse, patient relationship (ibid). Even though I was encouraging Rose, the tone and level of my voice could have been perceived as impatient. This would have caused Rose to become even more agitated, during what was an embarrassing and humiliating time for her. During the procedure I had also underestimated how my facial expression could be perceived by Rose. Although I had been conscious of not displaying signs of distaste whilst Rose was defecating, I had failed not to show signs of my embarrassment whilst wiping her afterwards. Arnold and Boggs (2003) argue that if the verbal message fails to match the non-verbal message, then the non-verbal aspects will take precedent. Therefore, even though I was telling Rose that everything was fine; my face was conveying quite clearly that I was very embarrassed. On reflection, I can see that this must have been very humiliating for Rose, as she was normally a very independent lady who was used to dealing with her elimination needs herself. Conclusion: This situation, has taught me the importance of building a therapeutic, trusting relationship with patients. It is essential that the nurse knows the person as a whole in order to treat them as individuals. If I had been aware of how independent and active Rose had previously been, then I would have been far better equipped to deal with her. I have also been made more aware of the dangers of pre-judging patients. I had labelled Rose as a bad tempered lady, and had failed to understand her reasons for this behaviour. This experience has shown me the importance of questioning and listening to patients in order to see them as whole beings. My experience has shown me, how lack of communication skills can cause barriers within the nurse patient relationship. It is very important to not only be aware of what you are saying, but to also be aware of non-verbal communication techniques that run alongside language. Action Plan My encounter with Rose has shown me how inexperienced I am with regards to communication with patients. I realise the importance of continually striving to enhance my skills, in order to progress as a student nurse. During subsequent placements, I will take the opportunity to practice my communication techniques, bearing in mind that communication is not only about conversing with the patient verbally, but also about being aware of facial expressions, paralanguage and the ability to listen attentively. In future I will be acutely aware of the importance of not pre-judging or labelling patients, but will endeavour to treat them respectfully and as individuals. Overall Conclusion In conclusion, good communication skills are essential in order for a nurse to provide the best level of care. For a nurse to be able to establish a trusting relationship with the patient, they must first have a mutual understanding. This understanding can only be achieved if the nurse is able to communicate effectively, being aware, not only of the words being used, but also of the non-verbal traits that run alongside those words. The nurse also needs to be aware of the patients non-verbal cues. Many patients will show signs of frustration or anger because they are frightened, it is important that the nurse is able to read these signs and investigate them further. For a nurse to successfully practice, it is essential that they continually practice, develop and enhance their communication skills throughout their career. Reference List Aggleton P and Chalmers H (2000) Nursing Models and Nursing Practice. (2nd edn.) Hampshire: Palgrave Anderson C (1990) Patient Teaching and Communicating in an Information Age. New York: Delmar Publishers Inc. Arnold E and Underman Boggs K (2003) Interpersonal Relationships; Professional communication Skills for Nurses. (4th edn.) Missouri: Elsevier Science Bulman C and Schutz S (eds.) (2004) Reflective Practice in Nursing. (3rd edn.) Edinburgh:Bailliere Tindall Ellis B Gates B and Kenworthy N (2003) (2nd edn.) Interpersonal Communication In Nursing. China: Elsevier Science Heberer M and Marx A (1995) Complications of enteral nutrition. London: Edward Arnold Hollinworth H Clark C Harlanor R Johnson L and Partington G (2005) Understanding The Arousal Of Anger; A Patient Centred Approach. Nursing Standard 19(37) pp.41-47 Jack K and Smith A (2007) Promoting Self-Awareness In Nurses To Improve Nursing Practice. Nursing Standard 21(32) pp.47-52 Jasper M (2003) Beginning Reflective Practice. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Jones P (1998) Holism: Making Sense of It. All (online) Available at http://www.p-jones.demon.co.uk/hcmholis.html, (accessed 14 October 2008) Kenworthy N Snowley G and Gilling C (2002) Common Foundation Studies in Nursing. (3rd edn.) Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Manley K and Bellman L (2003) Surgical Nursing; Advance Practice. London: Churchill Livingstone The Nursing and Midwifery Code of Conduct (2008) (Online) Available at http://www.nmc-uk.org/aArticle.aspx?ArticleID=3 056 (accessed 16 October 2008) OBrien S Engela D Leonard S Kernohan G and Beverland D (1997a) Prosthetic Dislocation in Customized Total Hip Replacement: A Clinical and Radiographic Review. Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing 1 (1):4-10 Palmer D and Kaur S (eds.) (2003) Core Skills for Nurse Practitioners. London: Whurr Publishers Riley J B (2004) Communication In Nursing. (5th edn.) Philadelphia: Mosby Roberts A (2008) (online) Available at http://distributedresearch.net/blog/2008/05/27/reflection-on-keeping-an-action-log-for-a-month (accessed 20th October 2010) Sheldon Kennedy L (2005) Communication for Nurses; talking with patients. Boston: Jones and Bartlett. Stanton K (1990) Communication. London:Macmillan Sully P and Dallas J (2005) Essential Communication Skills for Nurses. China: Elsevier Mosby

The Great Houdini :: Free Essays Online

The Great Houdini  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The performer known world wide as Harry Houdini was born on March 24, 1874 in Budapest. Although Houdini often claimed to be born in Appleton, Wisconsin, Houdini actually came to the United States when he was four years old. To this day many connected with the small town of Appleton still claim the untruth that Houdini was born there strictly to attract tourists. Houdini's father was Mayer Samuel Weiss. Houdini's father was a Rabbi. His mother's name was Cecilia Steiner Weiss. His parents spoke little English, and the family was quite poor so most of the children began to work at an early age. From the age of eight young Ehrich Weiss sold newspapers and worked as a shoe shine boy. At the age of 12, young Ehrich left home to make his way in the world in an attempt to help support his family. Young Ehrich traveled the country for about a year, always sending money home when he could. Finally he joined up with his father in New York City. The family moved to New York in the hope of find ing a better life there. In New York, Houdini worked as a messenger and as a cutter in a garment center sweat shop, to help support his family. Houdini began performing magic as a teenager first calling himself Eric the Great. Ehrich acquired the name Houdini from a book he read, "The Memoirs of Robert-Houdin," the autobiography of one of the greatest magicians of the day. Influenced by what he read and learned about the internationally known magician Robert Houdin, young Ehrich changed his name to Houdini, hoping to be in some way like his new found mentor. Houdini's first magic shows consisted of card tricks and other simple magic. Soon Houdini began experimenting with hand cuffs and using them in his acts. Houdini performed with another young man who worked with him in the factory in New York. They called themselves the Houdini Brothers. Soon Houdini's younger brother Theo took the place of the boy from the factory. Together with his brother Theo, they tried to succeed as the Houdini Brothers. Their first performances included shows at amusement parks, beer halls, "dime museums," and at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893. In 1894, Houdini met Wilhelmina Beatrice Rahner, who was singing and dancing as part of the Floral Sisters.

Abortion - Touched By an Angel :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Abortion Touched By an Angel It's remarkable how a fantasy-based, sometimes sappy TV show featuring angels disguised as ordinary folks can pack more profound truth into one hour than a month of nightly news programs! That's precisely what writer/producer Martha Williamson accom-plished in a recent episode of Touched by an Angel called "The Empty Chair." Bucking the Hollywood establishment and its "pro-choice" ethic, Ms. Williamson displayed unmatched courage and insight into the aftermath of abortion. As newlyweds in Boston, Betsy and Bud Baxter wanted nothing more than to work together on a television show. An offer from an Omaha station to co-host "Breakfast with the Baxters" seemed their first big step on the road to fame and happiness. Fifteen years later, when new station owners abruptly cancel their show, the Baxters are devastated by the loss of their jobs, of their dream, of all that had given their life meaning, and, apparently, of all that had been holding them together. They bitterly vent their disappointment and grief at each other until the arrival of stranded travelers (the angels Monica and Andrew) give Betsy and Bud the chance to tell their stories separately to a compassionate listener. It's not long before the underlying problem surfaces-the unspoken issue that stood between them since accepting the Omaha job: that the only child they'd ever conceived was "lost" shortly before moving there. When Betsy learned of this pregnancy, she spontaneously bought a little baby jumper. Bud reacted negatively to the news. He thought only of how a child could disrupt their career plans on the eve of their first big break. When Bud left for several days to attend a friend's wedding, Betsy dutifully took care of the problem with an abortion. She told Bud only that she had "lost" the child. Betsy tried to conceal her grief, submerging it in work. The sorrow and pain did not go away, but silently, stealthily robbed her of joy, of sleep, of the ability to feel close to her husband, of the ability simply to relax and open herself to life. Bud is torn between wanting to know if their child was aborted and wanting to avoid the question, to protect Betsy and himself from painfully confronting what they had done. Bud struggles to forget, and bristles at the first hint of a discussion of their loss.

Digital Communication

Joshua Feliciano – 110445 Mr. Basile IB ITGS – 11 4. 27. 2010 Digital Communication in the 21st century Digital communication can be defined as an electronic transmission of information that has been encoded digitally. This specifically means that digital communication is data communication of information that is converted from text to code digitally. Digital communication can also be effective communication dealing with web, multimedia, video or graphics, and digital media. Some forms of digital communication can be texting, IM, e-mail, podcasting etc. Digital communication plays an important part in today's daily life in many different perspectives. In today's age, most people find digital communication a lot more easier and teachers and professors find it a bit more comprehensive. Today’s companies and organizations, use different types of media to reach and retain their audience. Digital communication helps jobs and businesses communicate a lot faster through e-mail, multimedia, texting, power point, presentations etc. As for students in any school or college, all these digital communication advantages also help and make it a lot more accessible. Throughout the decades, technology has improved drastically and gets more highly skilled as time goes on. In the past there was no such thing as digital communication. All communication was through hand written letters, phone calls, or people would just have to go visit whoever it is in person. Digital communication has made a huge change and difference in today's age. Its more comprehended and explanatory. In today's society a lot more can be accomplished with the digital communication and technology that exists today. Some of these digital communications can be text messaging, video or graphics, multimedia, podcasting, and digital media. Back then in about the 1990's, there was no such thing as any of these digital communications and advantages. Video or graphics and multimedia may have been in useable but, it definitely wasn't as advanced, updated, or even in good picture quality as today's technology and digital communication. This is significant in a couple of different ways. Not only is everything faster, and looks nicer but, all the improved technology saves every individual a lot of time in their life. With all the development and improved technology, digital communication has really made a difference for people in today's age. Digital communication contains many advantages and disadvantages. Some being good and others being bad. Advantages of digital communication can be that it is faster and easier, no paper is wasted, messages can be stored in the device for longer times without being damaged unlike paper files that easily get damages, it can be done over large distances through internet and other things, it is comparatively cheaper and the work which requires a lot of people can be done simply by one person as folders and other such facilities can be maintained, and it provides facilities like video conferencing which save a lot of time, money and effort. Digital communication also contains many disadvantages which can be that it is unreliable as the messages cannot be recognised by signatures, sometimes the quickness of digital communication is harmful as messages can be sent with the click of a mouse, it has completely ignored the human touch in which a personal touch cannot be established because all the computers will have the same font, and greater bandwidth. In conclusion, digital communication can be defined as the ability to create communications in different media, which can be its websites, video, audio, text, or animated multimedia. It's important in today's society because it's much faster and more understanding other than having to deal with letters that you can't comprehend. In today's age, digital communication can be more visible and more fun with the advancement of video or graphics, multimedia, podcasting text messaging, e-mail etc. This is significant because everything is much faster and more advanced. Overall digital communication had its advantages and disadvantages some being good and some being bad which in the end was still a very successful improvement of today's technology. Work Cited http://www. adobe. com/education/presentation/digital_communication/ http://www. macromediastudiomx. biz/uk/education/solutions/pdfs/dc_for_all_students. pdf http://www. answerbag. com/q_view/31169

Cash and Working Capital Essay

1. What are four general phases of the working capital cycle? Four general phases of working cycle are: a. Purchasing of resources: relates to the acquisition of supplies and labor, such as the level of inventory necessary to maintain realistic production schedules and the staff required to ensure adequate provision of services. b. Production/sale of service: healthcare services, no inventory. c. Billing: refers to the release or discharge of a patient and the generation of a bill. d. Collection: the generation of a bill and the actual collection of the cash from the patient or the patient’s third-party payer. 2. What are the three primary sources of short-term funds? Three primary sources of short-term funds are: a. Single-payment loan: a loan that requires the payment repaid at the end of its duration instead of in monthly installments. b. Line of credit: agreement that permits a firm to borrow up to a specified limit during a defined loan period. c. Revolving credit agreement: similar to a line of credit except that it is usually for a period longer than 1 year. Look more:  non normal cash flows essay 3. An organization’s short-term investment options for idle cash include what four areas? List and provide their characteristics a. Short-term working capital needs: a business needs funds to handle the standard and usual expenses associated with the operation of the company. It is safe to assume that most healthcare firms should carry approximately 20 days of expected cash transactions at any point in time to meet normal short-term working capital needs for cash. However, it is not safe to say that a not-for-profit healthcare firm would need only 20 days of cash. b. Capital investment needs: a non-profit healthcare organization needs funds to finance replacement and renovation of existing capital assets as well as investment in new product and service line areas. Different from taxable firm and investor-owned healthcare firm, the organization must routinely set aside funds for replacement and the amount of money reserved depends on percentage  of debt financing to be used and projected future levels of capital expenditures. c. Contingencies: a business needs funds to handle unexpected demands for cash flow, also called contingency funds. The amount of money reserved reflects the company’s tolerance of risk. d. Supplement Operating Earnings: non-profit healthcare organization needs funds to provide a dependable flow of investment earnings that can be used to supplement expected weaknesses in operating earnings. This helps to prevent significant deterioration and weak operating margin in operating earnings. 4. Discuss the term float. Float is a brief moment in the banking system where money is counted twice due to delays in processing checks. When a check is deposited, the bank credits a customer’s account and that is when float is created. However, it could take a couple of days for the check to be received and clear by the payer’s bank. During this floating time, the amount on the check appears in both the payee and payer’s account. Also, float can be available shares in a company for trading. These shares are making available to the general public for trading and the company is not liable for how the shares are being traded. References Cleverley, W.O., Cleverley, J.O., Song, H.S. (2011). Essentials of Healthcare Finance (7th Edition). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/workingcapital.asp (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capital-investment.asp Tatum, M. (2003). What is short-term working capital?. In B. Harris (Ed.), Copyright Protected: 2003-2014 Conjecture Corporation.