Historical Methods-Archaeology Essay Example for Free

Historical Methods-Archaeology Essay Julius Caesar is probably the most famous Roman of all. As dictator, he paved the way for the establishment of the Roman Empire under his great-nephew Augustus, more infamously, had a love affair with Cleopatra of Egypt, and even invented the leap year, before being assassinated by friends and colleagues who had previously supported him. But before his dictatorship he had conquered a vast area of Europe in an incredibly short time. Caesars Gallic War is the most detailed eye-witness account of war that survives from the Greek or Roman world. In Book I, chapter 5 of his Gallic War, Julius Caesar writes of the Helvetiis practice of migrating en masse and of burning down their oppida or walled towns, villages and houses as they went. This would certainly explain the lack of remains of urban construction and monuments, and is likely to have been common to the Celts as a whole. Evidence of the existence of oppida or walled settlements has been found in the Cisalpine area and elsewhere and date to the third and second centuries B. C. Among the most prominent surviving monuments in continental Europe of the late Celtic period are the oppida (sing. ppidum) or large fortified settlements that have an urban character. They were constructed on naturally protected sites, and some remains of the massive original perimeter walls have turned up in Gaul and on the right bank of the Rhine, as well as in Danubia. Together with the rectangular enclosures (Viereckschanzen) that were probably part of the nemeta or open-air sanctuaries created by the rural population, the oppida are the most significant group of monuments surviving from this time (Jimene 90). The first surveys were made by Baron Stoffel, an officer under Napoleon III, who embarked on a series of historical investigations into the sites of Julius Caesars battles in Gaul. Since then, knowledge has been based on excavations carried out in the west and east, on the careful assessment of material unearthed, and on the new and painstaking historiographical and philological interpretations of Caesars chronicles of his campaign in Gaul, Gallic War. The derivation of the concept of oppidum from Caesars war campaign chronicles and the progressive extension of its application as archaeological research proceeds make it necessary to explain exactly what is meant by the term oppidum in its more restricted sense. Caesar divides the settlements of Gaul into three categories: oppida (fortified towns), vici (villages) and aedificia or aedificia privata (single farmsteads). This careful subdivision not only gives a clear indication of the different types of settlement pattern, increasingly confirmed by the present-day archaeological campaigns, but also gives an idea of the function of the oppida. Even with their large populations, the oppida cannot have been entirely selfsufficient. To some extent at least, they also served as storage points for crops and livestock, as well as centers for the processing of raw materials to cater for both town and countryside. As a result of this they also functioned as marketplaces, especially once regular coinage came into use in the second century B. C. , when coins of base metals (bronze or those known as potins), and in small denominations, made their appearance. The term urbs is used sparingly in Caesars account to highlight the importance of a handful of larger locations, such as Alesia, Gergovia and Avaricum. Unlike the oppida of free Gaul, the towns of Tolosa ( Toulouse), Narbo (Narbonne) and Vienna, situated in the Provincia, were subject to provincial Roman administration, as implied by their definition as civitates. Caesar also uses this expression to define ethnic communities in Gaul in terms of political and administrative entities. The central role of the oppida in the political, economic and cultural life of the Gaulish groups (and hence their strategic importance as fortified outposts for the Roman armies), is clearly described in Caesar Gallic War, which lists the oppida of twenty-nine different Gaulish tribes, with their names followed by a brief description. Some tribes, however, had control over more than one town (twelve in the case of the Helvetii). But most of the population of the time was scattered through villages and farmsteads. As for southern Germany, the diffusion of nemeta rectangular enclosures that were presumably nature sanctuaries for the rural populations and the proliferation of sites containing graphite-decorated pottery indicate a significant population in the countryside outside and between the large oppida (Zander 2005). Furthermore, over a wide geographical area numerous unfortified settlements in advantageous trading sites have yielded considerable information on the metal and pottery workshops. Some of these sites could be classed as trading posts. Their position along the navigable waterways, at harbors or fords seems to have been decisive in their development. In addition to the civitates or capitals of the separate races, there were also smaller urban-type settlements, presumably the centers of small territories, such as a pagus. It is reasonable to assume that not all these centers were founded at the same time. The location, size and, presumably, the number of inhabitants, varies depending on the political and economic importance of the settlement. Despite their many common features, settlement types are not consistent. Although the information offered by Caesar is sound only where the territories of his military campaigns are concerned, certain basic urban features he mentions have a more general application, as corroborated by archaeological research undertaken in the larger fortified settlements. This is valid if we consider the term oppidum in its broadest sense, that is, an urban settlement with a sizable population, which is both regional center and refuge for smaller settlements and populations over a wide area. None of the definitions that in each case highlight some specific feature can claim to be generally applicable to all late Celtic fortifications. The reason for this lies not so much in Caesars choice of term (which is limited to the campaign in Gaul) or in the variability of his meanings, as in the insufficient development of archaeological research. The details of site position and outward appearance could not be described more accurately than Caesar did in his account of the oppidum of the Sotiates tribe: oppidum et natura loci et manu munitum (â€Å"a fortified town in a natural location and built by the hand of man,† Gallic War, III, 23). For all this, Caesars memoirs are still a lively and informative resource.

Where the red fren grows :: essays research papers

Billy lives on a farm. He wants two good coonhounds very badly, but his Papa cannot afford any. Billy works hard, selling fruit and bait to fishermen, so eventually he has enough money for the dogs. He gives the money to his grandfather, who orders the dogs for him. Billy sneaks off in the middle of the night to go to town and pick them up. While in town, other children pick on him, but he stands up for himself and is helped by the sheriff. On his way home, he and his two pups sleep in a cave. Outside, they hear a mountain lion, and the pups bravely howl back. He decides to name them Old Dan and Little Ann. He can see that Old Dan is very brave, and that Little Ann is very smart. Once home, he wants to begin training them. He has to have a raccoon hide to train them with. His grandfather shows him a way to set a trap that will catch even a clever coon. Just when he is about to give up on the traps, he catches a coon. The next day he begins to train Old Dan and Little Ann. By the time raccoon season starts in the fall, they are ready. On the first night, his dogs tree a coon in the biggest tree imaginable. Billy immediately sees that it will take days to cut down. He is determined to cut it down, because he told his dogs that if they could tree a coon he would take care of the rest. His dogs are counting on him. His parents bring him food. His grandfather shows him how to make a scarecrow, to keep the coon in the tree so he can go home and eat dinner. When the big sycamore finally falls and his dogs catch the coon, he is very proud. Billy goes coon hunting almost every night. His father relieves him of his chores, and Billy gives him the money from his coonskins. Sometimes, coons try to trick his dogs, and Old Dan gets into trouble. One night, Dan gets stuck in a muskrat hole. Another night, he climbs a tree. Little Ann is usually too smart to get into trouble, but one night, after the first snowfall, she falls through the ice on the river. Billy barely rescues her. One day, Billy and his grandfather make a bet with Ruben and Rainie Pritchard, that Billy's hounds can catch the legendary "ghost coon.

Accomplishment Report

Republic of the Philippines DepED-REGION III Division of City Schools District III Daan Sarile Elementary School Cabanatuan City Accomplishment Report C. Y. 2011 * * School is said to be the place where learning takes place, thus pupils learning is a great accomplishments to every school. However accomplishments of school as a basic institution within the community have different dimensions and components to improve and address. In order for this to realize shared efforts are required. For these, the following are the endeavors of Daan Sarile Elementary School for CY 2011. * * A.School Leadership/School Head * *Updating EMIS/SIS * *Trainings/conferences attended- * 1. Public Accountability and Values Enhancement Seminar- March 23-25. * 2. t2t Orientation Training Program for Teachers and School Officials-Oct 11-14,2011. * B. Pupils Development * *Registered 55 GSP and 44 BSP * *Organized Pupil Government, Earth Savers Club, Future Homemakers Club. * * Participated and won on differen t contest. * 1. District Read-a-Thon Contest winners: * * Jellie I. Pascual- Oral Reading Interpretation, 2nd place (English) * * Jazz Chant – 4th Place * *Micol Joy D.Pagayanan- Oral reading Interpretation, 3rd place (Filipino) * 2. 2011 District Press Conference * *Revelyn L. Reselva- Feature Writing-Filipino 3rd Place * *April L. Reselva- Copyreading Filipino 3rd Place, * Feature Writing Filipino 3rd Place * *Von Ivan F. Flores-News Writing- English 2nd Place News Writing- Filipino 1st Place * *Joanna Grace T. Oteyza -Feature Writing Filipino 5th Place * *Marco G. Soriano-Feature Writing Filipino 4th Place * * *Scriptwriting & Radiobroadcasting 4th Place * *2011 Science Fair *Sayawit sa Kalikasan-Champion * * *Conduct Search for Mr. & Ms. Earth Savers * *Celebrate Nutrition Month * *Celebrate Buwan ng Wika * *Conduct School Press Conference ,School Science Fair * *Participated in GSP Encampment- 15 No. of delegates * *Participated in BSP Encampment- 17 No. of Delegates * * Participated in Regional BSP Encampment – No. of delegates * * C. Staff Development * *Trainings Attended: * 1. Gerleeh Q. Sacdal-Regional Seminar Workshop on Campus Journalism-Oct. 21-24,2011-RELC * 2. Marlon M. Imperio-Regional Training in Elem.Math-Sept. 29-Oct. 2,2011, RELC * 3. Marlon R. Imperio, Evangeline F. adrineda, Jonathan D. Diaz, Victoria D. Arahan- * T2t orientation & Training Program for Teachers and School Officials-Oct. 11-14,2011, T Hall * 4. Ma. Luisa F. Pacolor, Jonathan D. Diaz-Division Seminar Workshop on On-Line Publication * 5. Jonathan D. Diaz, Loida O. Cruz- Division Jamborette * 6. Mary Ann Tatlonmaria Corazon J. Bautista, Gerleeh Q. Sacdal-Division Encampment * 7. SLAC in Mathematics by Mr. Marlon M. Imperio * * D. Curriculum Development * *t2t Program recipient *Produce ICT aided instructional materials in Science III, HKS III, Math IV-VI, EPP V &VI, Music, English V & VI, Filipino V. * * E. Physical Development * *Construction of Drainage * *Cons truction of Plant Boxes and Landscaping * *Putting-up of the following HPTA projects: bookshelf-Grade III-Santan, wallfan-Grade IV-Dahlia,repainting of Grade V-Daisy classroom and mural paintings, Deskfan-Grade III-Rosal. * * F. Community Development * *Participated and support the Waste Management Program implemented by the City Government thru CAECO. * * * * Prepared by: * * VICTORIA D. ARAHAN * Principal I * * PICTORIALS * * * Classroom Structuring * * * Delegates to Regional BSP Jamborette * * * * * * * * * School Supplies from a stakeholder (Coun. Orlando Tumibay) * * * Stand fans donated by a pupil * * * * * * * * Regular Meeting with the stakeholders * * * Regular meeting with the teachers * * * * * * * * Buwan ng Nutrisyon Celebration * * * * * * * * * * * School Feeding Program * * * Plentiful harvest from gulayan sa paaralan * * * * * * * * Tree planting * * * Maintaining the cleanliness of school premises

Online Shopping vs Traditional Shopping Essay - 792 Words

Online Shopping Vs Traditional Shopping October 3, 2010 | Online Shopping Vs Traditional Shopping Online shopping is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods or services from a seller in real-time, without an intermediary service, over the Internet. According to Internet Retailer U.S., retail e-commerce spending increased to an estimated $66.9 billion in the first half of 2010, up 9.3% from $61.2 billion for the same period as year ago. Online shopping has become popular among consumers. Consumers search for the lowest price and the best bargain deals when shopping. It has often come to question whether consumers value online shopping over traditional shopping and vice versa. Online shopping is more convenient than†¦show more content†¦Shopping over the internet gives consumers the freedom to shop when they want, verses traditional shopping where you have to shop during store hours. The most important reason online shopping is more convenient than traditional shopping is because it’s less time consuming. When s hopping electronically on the internet lines are not a problem, because there is immediate check-out. With traditional shopping checkout lines are extremely long, especially during the holidays. Shopping during the holidays takes up a lot of the consumer’s time. Parking spaces are another annoying factor that online shoppers don’t have to worry about. It is done from the comfort of the purchaser’s choosing, or wherever there is an internet connection. Getting to and from the store is another major headache in-store shoppers worry about. In today’s economy, gas prices are fluctuating each day. It takes gas to fuel vehicles to and from the stores, which can get expensive when visiting more than one store. Online shopping saves shopper’s the hassle of having to fuel their vehicles. There are some drawbacks to shopping online. For instance waiting for the item to be shipped is stressful at times. Traditional in-store shoppers are given the c hance to physically examine, and even try the product out. This advantage is helpful with the purchase decision. If the choice is made to purchase, products can be taken home immediately. Traditional shopping makes refundsShow MoreRelatedTraditional Shopping vs Online Shopping1557 Words   |  7 Pages1. Traditional and online shopping environment In the traditional shopping, one has to leave home, either walk or take a ride to a particular location in order to buy what one wants. There are many ways of traditional shopping such like shopping at shopping center, outlet village, markets or department stores. However, online shopping has been developing at a fast rate through recent years and more and more people are moving towards this mode of shopping. The online shopping is typically done atRead MoreOnline Shopping Vs. 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